Spaced Repetition - How To Remember Anything Forever-ish

...was the mother of the Muses, the goddesses of inspiration. So, how's Memory and Inspiration doing in schools? Not only are common practices like lectures, cramming, and re-reading boring, science has shown they don't even work well.* * all sources and links will be at the end of this comic! But what if I said there's a way to learn that's evidence-based and fun? What if I said there's a memory card game you can play, for 20 minutes a day, to store anything you choose into long-term memory, forever?* * until you die And it's awesome. I started using Spaced Repetition earlier this year to learn French. In two months, I learnt more words than I did in two years of high school French classes. Since then, I've used Spaced Repetition to remember all sorts of things... ...and this lil' memory card game became a core part of my life. In short, Spaced Repetition = testing + time. You test yourself on a fact repeatedly, spacing out your repetitions over time. (But won't this take forever? Ah, as we'll see later, there's a trick...) Spaced Repetition is free, evidence-based, and so simple you can do it with a shoebox. Well, the catch is that making any new habit is hard – especially a weird habit like Spaced Repetition. In this comic on Spaced Repetition, I'll show you WHY it works, HOW it works... Also, throughout this comic, you can test yourself on what you've learnt, at spaced-out intervals. That is: you'll use Spaced Repetition to learn about Spaced Repetition.

Like so: Still, isn't "rote memorization" bad? Can't we look everything up these days? Shouldn't we learn creativity & critical thinking instead? There is no "instead". Cognitive science shows you need memorization for creativity & critical thinking. (Imagine writing an essay if you know no words!) It's a way to take back control of your mind. To make long-term memory a choice. To develop a lifelong love of learning... ...to mother your own, inner Muse. Tony Stark nearly gasped as a gloved hand trailed down his spine. The steady pressure was smooth and almost reassuring. Obama chuckled. “You mean, the–

In 1885, Hermann Ebbinghaus performed an act of scientific masochism. The German psychologist memorized thousands of nonsense words, recorded how much he forgot over time, and discovered... He found that you forget most of what you learn in the first 24 hours, then – if you don’t practice recall – your remaining memories decay exponentially.* * technically the curve isn't exactly exponential, but, eh, close enough. Philosophers have debated about memory for millennia, but Ebbinghaus was the first to do actual experiments. (which have been replicated) For that reason, Hermann Ebbinghaus is known as the pioneer of the science of memory. Here’s a playable simulation of the Forgetting Curve. Change the rate of memory decay. What happens to the curve? As you can see, the less the decay, the flatter the curve – that is, the longer the memory lasts. How fast a person’s memory decays depends on the person and the memory... But in general, a memory’s “rate of decay” slows down each time you actively recall it. (versus passively re-reading it) (although, when you stop practicing, it still decays.) Here’s the simulation again, with a single active recall session. (grey line: what memory would've been without the recall) Change the recall timing to see how it affects the curve: A single recall boosts memory for a bit... but in the long run, due to exponential decay of memory, a single recall changes nothing. Is there a better way to learn? There is! The trick to remembering... To understand this, think about training your muscles. You’ll gain nothing with a weight that’s too easy... The same’s true of training your brain. You need desirable difficulty: the sweet spot of just-hard-enough. Therefore: to best learn something, you need to recall it... ...just as you’re about to forget it. Same simulation as before, but now it shows the sweet spot – where you’ve forgotten just a little bit. Put the recall in the middle of the sweet spot. What happens? See? If you time a recall just right, you can slow down the decay by a bit! Now, what about multiple recalls? Let’s say you’re lazy time-efficient, so you’re only doing 4 recall sessions. Question: what’s the best way to spread out your recalls? Should you have evenly spaced gaps? Gaps of increasing length? Gaps of decreasing length? Or make it unpredictable, to keep you on your toes? Give it your best guess, then when you’re ready, flip the card over ↓ Which is very counter-intuitive! You can prove to yourself this is true, by playing with the sim below. Get all recalls into the middle of the sweet spot. What spacing do you get? (To prove this isn't a fluke, here’s a sim where you can change the initial memory decay & sweet spot. Note how, in all but the extreme cases, the best schedule is still “increasing gaps”!) Why must the gaps increase? Because: each time you do a recall at the sweet spot of forgetting, the memory’s decay slows down... But you know what’s sweeter? This also means if you time your recalls just right... ...you can easily keep any number of things in your long-term memory, FOREVER. And speaking of doing active recall in order to learn, let's do some active recall on what we just learnt: Well that's nice, but actually finding a good Spaced Repetition schedule must be hard, right? Au contraire! It’s actually so simple, you can even create your own automatic scheduler...

You don't have to use a shoebox for Spaced Repetition, but it's funnier if you do. (Later, we'll look at some Spaced Repetition apps, like Anki & Tinycards) This setup is called The Leitner Box. It's like a card game you play against yourself! First, divide your box up into seven "Levels". (You can have more or fewer if you like!) All new flashcards start at Level 1. (If you're new to Spaced Repetition, I recommend starting with 5 new cards a day.) When you review a card, and get it right, it moves up one Level. (If you're at the final Level, congrats! Your card retires. Off it goes, to card heaven.) But if you review a card, and get it wrong... it has to go all the way back down to Level 1. (If it's already at Level 1, good news: you can keep testing yourself on it until you get it right, and move it up to Level 2) But when do we review cards? That's the trick. In the Leitner Box, we review Level 1 cards every day, Level 2 every two days, Level 3 every FOUR days, Level 4 every EIGHT days, etc... The pattern is: we double the gap (# of days between reviews) for each Level! Here's what the looping 64-day game calendar looks like: (Note: the reason we review Level 1 at the end is so you'll see your new cards and the cards you forgot from higher Levels.) (At the end of a daily game of Spaced Repetition, leave no cards in Level 1. Test yourself until you can get them all right, and move them up to Level 2!) (Note #2: Spaced Repetition apps like Anki use a more sophisticated algorithm...) (...but at its core, they work on the same principles as the Leitner Box) (Note #3: Oh, and with a few index cards & tape, you can make your own foldable, looping calendar!) (at the end, I'll link to a video tutorial for crafting a Leitner Box) Now, to show the game in action! Here's a step-by-step simulation of the Leitner Box: (we'll see a month-by-month sim later) Each daily review takes 20-30 minutes. Instead of watching a TV episode, you could play a card game – and remember anything you want for life. However, habits are hard. If you start big, you won't get the ball rolling... But if you start small, you can gain momentum, and roll your snowball bigger and bigger. That's why I recommend starting with 5 new cards a day. Once you're comfortable with that, you can do 10 new cards/day. Then 15. Then 20, 25, 30. And at 30 new cards a day, you can learn 10,000+ new facts/words/etc a year. Now, here's the month-by-month simulation. Use this to calculate in advance how much you can learn with Spaced Repetition! That's it. That's how you can make long-term memory a choice. Let's let that sink in. Take a break, and recall what we just learnt: Spaced Repetition almost seems too good to be true. And it is... IF you fall for some very common pitfalls. Memory isn't a bookshelf where you collect random giant tomes to impress others. That's to say: Spaced Repetition will fail if your cards feel bloated, disconnected or meaningless. Instead, memory is like a jigsaw puzzle: full of small, connected pieces. (This is also how neurons work: lots of small, connected things) It's not about collection, it's about connection. Thus, to get the most out of Spaced Repetition, you must make your cards... Let's see how. This card sucks: It's too big. Too much information. Let's cut it up into smaller, connected pieces! As a rule of thumb, each flashcard should have one & only one idea. Like so: Facts connect to facts. But there's other, more playful ways for cards to be... This card is... alright. It's an English word on the front, French word on the back. It's the standard for most language-learning flashcards: But you know what would make it stick in memory better? If you connected it to pictures, sounds, context, and/or personal details! Like so: The front now has a drawing of a cat (picture) with a fill-in-the-blank French sentence (context: grammar) about my childhood cat, Stripes. (personal) The back now has a symbol of the noun's gender (picture), its pronunciation (sound*), and a warning about the female version of the noun. (context: slang)

But the most important connection of all, is to connect your learning to something that is... Personally, here's how I've learnt best: First, I try (emphasis on try) to do something.

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Inevitably, I'll get stuck. In that moment, I'll look up what I need, and learn something. And so on. That, I believe, is the best way to keep yourself motivated while learning: By making sure your learning is in service of doing something you care about. Speaking of learning, let's practice recalling what we've learnt: (this will be the second-last time!) The consensus in the Spaced Repetition community is, after a while, you should make your own cards. That's why, in the final part of this interactive comic, you're going to make your own cards!

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To help you get started with Spaced Repetition today, you need to answer four questions: You'll answer these questions by making flashcards! So, here's the front of our first flashcard, our first question:

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For example, you could use Spaced Repetition to help you learn... Now, you write your answer on the back: (note: you can scroll back here & change your answer later) However, recall that for Spaced Repetition to work, you need to connect it to something you care about. So our next question is: That may be too philosophical, so here's some concrete examples of a why behind a what: You now have your what and why... but we still need to pick a how! That is, what tool/app do you want to use? Our next card asks: I currently use The Leitner Box, but my friends use Anki, and for a while I used TinyCards. (links open in new tabs) Here's how they compare: TinyCards (app) Pros: beautiful design, easy to use Cons: max 150 cards per deck, doesn't let you decide if you got a card right (Want something else? Here's a few other tools: SuperMemo, NimbleNotes, Mnemosyne) * anti-disclaimer: i am not affiliated with any of these. i just think they're cool & helpful! So, what's it gonna be? Just one card left! Now: doing Spaced Repetition is actually quite easy... however, doing it as a daily habit is hard. Why? Because getting the ball rolling on any new habit is hard. Hard, but straightforward. The science of habits shows that if you do the same thing, given the same cue, over and over... ...it'll become a habit, for better or worse. So for a Spaced Repetition habit, our question is: For example, you could play the Spaced Repetition game... It doesn't really matter when you do it, as long as you do it daily and consistently (more or less - you can skip a day once in a while). (Tip: whenever I try to create a new habit, I draw a circle on a calendar for each day I successfully do it) (It's a game I play with myself! The goal is to try not break my streak, and build the longest chain I can.) Now, let's fill out that final flashcard: Et voilà, here's all four of your flashcards, all about you!

But like I said, I want to help you take control of your memory today. FIRST: a wallpaper for your desktop, to remind you to play the Spaced Repetition game daily! SECOND: And finally, THIRD: a .zip of all the flashcards you've been practicing in this interactive comic! (These can be your first few days' worth of Spaced Repetition cards, to help you get started! And as a plus, you'll get to remember everything you learnt here today, forever-ish.) If you're a student, I hope Spaced Repetition helps you be more confident, and take learning into your own hands. If you're a teacher, please oh please tell your students about Spaced Repetition (& other evidence-based study habits) early on. But whether you're in or out of school, I hope Spaced Repetition helps you develop your memory, your mind, your Muse...

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(Want to learn/play more? Further reading & credits below!) ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

Also, this interactive comic is meaning you can freely use this thing for educational, personal, or even commercial purposes. You already have my permission! (Download the code) (Translate this comic)

However, I'm only able to do this thanks to my 1,000+ Patreon supporters. They let me keep doing what I love. Thank you! 💖 (Wanna chip in too? Click here!)

Further Reading

Something something shoulders of giants. Here are the reads that made Spaced Repetition a part of my daily life:

  • 🤓 Augmenting Long-Term Memory by Michael Nielsen showed me that Spaced Repetition wasn't just a tool for memorization, it's a tool to build deep understanding. It could even be a way of .
  • life

  • 💬 Fluent Forever by Gabriel Wyner convinced me to finally (re)start learning French, and create a Leitner Box. (my 64-day calendar was adapted from this book)
  • 🃏 20 Rules for Cards by Piotr Wozniak taught me how to squeeze the most out of Spaced Repetition. (Note: the author also invented the algorithm used by Anki!)

And my favorite reads on the science of learning:

And if you want to learn-by-playing more stuff, check out Explorable Explanations! 🕹️

More Thanks

👀 Thank you to all my playtesters for making this project not suck: Aatish Bhatia, Adam Filinovich, Aimee Jarboe, Alex Jaffe, Amit Patel, Andy Matuschak, B Cavello, Chris Walker, Frank Lantz, Gal Green, Glen Chiacchieri, Hamish Todd, Henry Reich, Jacque Goupil, James Lytle, Jez Swanson, Josh Comeau, Kayle Sawyer, Levi Robertson, Marcelo Gallardo, Martyna Wasiluk, Michael Nielsen, Mikayla Hutchinson, Mike Gifford, Monica Srivastava, Owen Landgren, Paul Butler, Paul Simeon, Philipp Wacker, Pontus Granström, Rowan, Sebastian Morr, SpacieCat, Tanya Short, Tim & Alexandra Swast, Tom Hermans, Toph Tucker, Will Harris-Braun, Zeno Rogue

📹 Thank you Chris Walker for making the Leitner Box crafting video! (P.S: Chris makes interactive stuff, too!)

🐞 Thank you Omar Rizwan for helping me figure out Mobile Safari's endless pit of bugs

🔊 This project was made with Creative Commons assets from Wikimedia Commons and FreeSounds. (See full credits)

💖 And again, huge thanks to all my Patreon supporters who made this possible:

🙏 And finally, thank you for being the kind of person who sits through the credits! You can play more of my stuff, follow me on Twitter, or support me on Patreon. I sincerely hope this comic could help you, in whatever small way.

Happy learning! ~ Nicky Case